感恩节的真实历史是什么?
When the leaves begin to change colors and the air turns crisp, Americans begin preparations for the long-standing tradition called 感恩节. 尽管试图减少, 删除, 甚至改写美国历史, this time-tested celebration continues to endure, 以感恩的心把人们聚集在一起.
当众议院通过一项法案时，感恩节正式成为假日 1941年10月6日, which President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the following December. This law solidified the last Thursday of November as the 感恩节 holiday, 多年来，总统一直呼吁美国人庆祝“感恩节”.这一趋势始于周四, 11月26日, 1789, 当时乔治·华盛顿总统发布了一份公告，要求他的美国同胞设立“公众感恩和祈祷日”.” In 1863, President 亚伯拉罕。林肯 followed his p红色的ecessor’s example.[1]
这已经成为美国独有的传统. 而, 近年来, the public 祈祷 aspect has largely been missing, 现在仍然存在的是围坐在一桌人周围表达感谢的传统.
第一次感恩节发生了什么?
而 we know very little of the first 感恩节, what we do know is not what one might imagine or even expect. There are many myths surrounding that first thanksgiving meal, including the belief that there must have been a plump, 桌上有多汁的火鸡!
The first thanksgiving was documented by Edward Winslow and 威廉·布拉德福德 两位分离主义领袖忍受了很长时间, harrowing voyage across the Atlantic and a long winter of sickness, 饥饿, 和荒凉的新大陆.
在他澳门十大娱乐网站平台 莫特族谱温斯洛写道:
“我们的收成正在收割, 我们的总督派了四个人去捕鸟, 这样我们就能以一种特殊的方式在我们收获了劳动的果实后一起欢乐. 他们一天四次, 杀了和…一样多的家禽, 身边有个小帮手, 为公司服务了将近一个星期. 在那个时候, 在其他娱乐活动中, 我们锻炼了手臂, 许多印第安人来到我们中间, 还有他们最伟大的国王, 马萨索伊特, 大约有90人, whom for three days we entertained and feasted, 他们就出去杀了五只鹿, which they brought to the plantation and bestowed on our governor, 还有船长和其他人. And although it be not always so plentiful as it was at this time 与 us, 乃是靠着神的美善, we are so far from want that we often wish you partakers of our plenty.”[2]
William Bradford describes the abundance of food this way:
“They began now to gather in the small harvest they had, and to fit up their 房子s and dwelling against winter, being all well recove红色的 in health and strength and had all things in good plenty. For as some were thus employed in affairs abroad, 其他人则在钓鱼中锻炼, 澳门十大娱乐网站平台鳕鱼，鲈鱼和其他鱼类, 他们很重视这一点, 每个家庭都有自己的一份. All the summer there was no want; and not began to come in store of fowl, 随着冬天的临近, 他们初来的时候，这地方有许多人，后来就渐渐减少了。. 除了水鸟, 那里有大量的野生火鸡, 他们带走了很多人, 除了鹿肉, 等. 除了, they had about a peck a meal a week to a person, 或者自从收获以来, 印第安玉米的比例. 是什么让许多人后来在写给英国朋友的信中大量提及他们在这里的富足, 哪些报道不是假的，是真的.”[3]
除了这里描述的丰富之外， 清教徒 能吃到出产各种坚果、水果和蔬菜的本地植物吗. 虽然不是一个详尽的清单, 他们的菜单上可能有野生洋葱, 耶路撒冷洋蓟, 南瓜, 豆瓣菜, 豆子。, 葡萄, 李子, 树莓, 野生樱桃, 醋栗, 南瓜, 美国山楂, 核桃, 和栗子. [4]
禁食和祷告的时间
当然, 澳门十大娱乐网站平台第一个感恩节和多年来增加的传统有许多误解. 我们现代的感恩节大餐肯定不同于清教徒和他们的土著邻居所享用的.
在清教徒时代和美国建国的头200年，将斋戒和祈祷结合在一起的宗教仪式并不罕见. 宗教和政府领导人在丰饶和需要的时候宣布祈祷和禁食的日子并不罕见. Harvest celebrations would take place to rejoice for the abundance received, and when wisdom and provision were needed in times of war, leaders would issue proclamations for national days of 祈祷, 禁食, 和羞辱.
亚伯拉罕。林肯 was just one of many governmental leaders who proclaimed such days. On August 12, 1861, he released Proclamation 85:
鉴于国会参众两院的一个联合委员会已经在等待美国总统，并要求他“建议一个公开羞辱日”, 祈祷, 美国人民以宗教仪式禁食，并为这些国家的安全和福利向全能的上帝献上热切的恳求, 他的祝福在他们的手臂上, 并迅速恢复和平
然而，在任何时候，所有的人都应该承认和敬畏上帝的最高政府, to bow in humble submission to His chastisements, 承认并痛惜自己的罪恶和过犯，深信敬畏耶和华是智慧的开端, and to pray 与 all fervency and contrition for the pardon of their past offenses and for a blessing upon their present and prospective action; and
然而当我们深爱的国家, 一次, 感谢上帝的祝福, 曼联, 繁荣的, 和快乐, 现在被派系和内战所折磨, it is peculiarly fit for us to recognize the hand of God in this terrible visitation, 在我们作为一个国家和个人的过错和罪行的悲痛记忆中，在他面前谦卑自己，祈求他的怜悯——祈祷我们可以免于进一步的惩罚, though most justly deserved; that our arms may be blessed and made effectual for the reestablishment of law, 订单, and peace throughout the wide extent of our country; and that the inestimable boon of civil and religious liberty, earned under His guidance and blessing by the labors and sufferings of our fathers, may be resto红色的 in all its original excellence:
所以我, 亚伯拉罕。林肯, 美国总统, do appoint the last Thursday in September next as a day of humiliation, 祈祷, 又为国民全体禁食. 我诚挚地向大家推荐, 尤其是所有的牧师和教师，所有教派的宗教和所有的家长, 按照他们各自的信条和崇拜方式，以谦卑和宗教的庄严来观察和遵守这一天, 最后，全国人民的联合祈祷可以登上恩典的宝座，为我们的国家带来丰富的祝福.”[5]
With proclamations like these being a common occurrence in America’s past, 因此，美国最终会设立一个全国性的节日来表示感谢也就不足为奇了. 第一个正式的全国性感恩节是由大陆会议于1777年宣布的，并打算成为一个阴沉的事件. [6] 这是, 也许, where the misc一次ption comes from that 清教徒 were serious, 冷, 而不是被描绘成微笑. 而朝圣者对上帝是虔诚的, they did play games and celebrate their harvest 与 gladness and joy.
In addition to being depicted as somber, 朝圣者 are often depicted wearing black. 当然，这些年来，艺术家们也在他们的帽子和鞋子上加上了大扣. 同样，这是一个不准确的描述. The 朝圣者 did wear black on special occasions, but their everyday clothing would have been dark colors like blue, 棕色（的）, 红色的, 和绿色. 他们会穿能掩盖污垢的衣服.
52 Mayflower passengers participated in the first 感恩节: 23 children, 4个女人, 16人, 9个雇佣水手或仆人. 马萨索伊特, the chief of the Wampanoag and ally of 清教徒, 和他的90名勇士一起参加了宴会. In all, the first 感恩节 totaled 143 people. [7]
与一般人的想法相反，清教徒和土著人共同享受了50多年的和平. 第一个感恩节确实很平静, 与, 正如爱德华·温斯洛所说, "娱乐活动"和许多宴会. This was because of their peace treaty, which was documented by William Bradford. The treaty between 清教徒 and the Natives was simple. 它说:
- 他(马萨索伊特)和他的任何人都不应该伤害或伤害我们的任何(朝圣者)人民.
- 他若在我们中间有亏负的，就打发那亏负的去，我们好责罚他.
- That if any of our tools were taken away when our people were at work, he should cause them to be resto红色的; and if ours did any harm to any of his, 我们也会对他们做同样的事.
- If any did unjustly war against him, we would aid him; if any did war against us, he should aid us.
- He should send to his neighbor confederates to certify them of this, 这样他们就不会冤枉我们了, but might be likewise comprised in the conditions of peace.
- 当他们的人来找我们, they should leave their bows and arrows behind them, as we should do our pieces when we came to them.
- 最后，这样做，詹姆斯国王会尊重他(马萨索伊特)作为他的朋友和盟友.[8]
从我们国家的历史中学习
What can we learn from that first 感恩节 and those who have gone before us? First, God still has a place at the 感恩节 table. Throughout American history, the Providential hand can be seen. 故事可以在战争和战斗的结果被上帝的神圣之手改变的主要来源中找到. Secondly, 清教徒 modeled Christian care and brotherly love to the Natives. 马萨索伊特生病时，爱德华·温斯洛(Edward Winslow)看望了他，照料他恢复健康.[9] The 朝圣者 respected the Natives as friends and allies. 我们可以继续向我们的邻居展示基督徒的关怀和兄弟般的爱，就像清教徒所做的那样. 第三, in the words of American thinker George Santayana, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”[10] 我们必须从原始资料中找出美国丰富历史的真相，这样我们才能从中学习, 分享它, and never forget the price that was paid for our liberty.
参考文献:
[1] 感恩节.” 美国众议院:历史，艺术 & 档案, http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1901-1950/The-Thanksgiving-holiday/.
[2] 爱德华·温斯洛, 莫特族谱: D.B. 希斯,艾德. 苹果木书. 剑桥,1986. p 82
[3] 威廉·布拉德福德 普利茅斯种植园: S. E. 莫里森,艾德. 克诺夫出版社. N.Y., 1952. P 90
[4] 感恩节入门. 普利茅斯种植园出版社. P 17
[5] “Proclamation 85-Proclaiming a Day of National Humiliation, 祈祷, and Fasting.” Proclamation 85-Proclaiming a Day of National Humiliation, 祈祷, 和fast b|美国总统项目8月12日. 1861, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-85-proclaiming-day-national-humiliation-Prayer-and-fasting.
[6] 感恩节入门. 普利茅斯种植园出版社. P 6
[7] 感恩节入门. 普利茅斯种植园出版社. P 27
[8] 波特,比尔. 《澳门十大娱乐网站平台》(1621年.” 具有里程碑意义的事件4月7日. 2021, http://landmarkevents.org/pilgrim-wampanoag-treaty-established-1621/.
[9] 乔治·B·埃蒙斯. 1621年与马萨索伊酋长共度感恩节.” 的流浪者11月28日. 2019, http://www.wanderer.com/features/1621-thanksgiving-with-chief-massasoit/.
[10] 理性的生活:常识中的理性. 斯克里布纳出版社，1905:284